Unpredictability is a hallmark of cybersecurity work. I doubt you expected to read an article linking Julius Caesar, the ancient Roman ruler, to almost a million phishing attacks so far in 2025. But, here we are. The phishing threat continues to grow, motivated by the lure of disseminating infostealer malware and exemplified by more sophisticated efforts, as the FBI has warned.
The majority of cybercriminals involved in phishing assaults are not malicious coding experts; rather, they are what you might refer to as low-level chancers, with little expertise but high aspirations for a lucrative payout. Phishing-as-a-service platforms, which eliminate the need for all that bothersome technical expertise, aid them in this evil undertaking. According to recently published research, Tycoon 2FA is the most popular of these platforms and that's where Julius Caesar comes in.
It should come as no surprise that phishing is a persistent menace to both consumers and organisations. These are no longer the simple "you've won the Canadian lottery" or "I'm a Nigerian Prince and want to give you money" hoaxes of the past, but, thanks to AI, they've become much more difficult to detect and, as a result, much tougher to resist. As previously stated, the use of phishing-as-a-service platforms to accelerate attack formulation and deployment is especially problematic.
Barracuda Networks security researchers released a report on March 19 outlining a whopping one million attacks in January and February alone. This figure becomes even more concerning when you consider that one platform, Tycoon 2FA, accounted for 89% of them.
Nuch of this seems to be recent, with an outbreak in the middle of February, according to Deerendra Prasad, an associate threat analyst in Barracuda Network's threat analyst team, who stated that an investigation "revealed that the platform has continued to develop and enhance its evasive mechanisms, becoming even harder to detect.”
The malicious scripts used to prevent defenders from analysing the phishing pages have been updated to help evade discovery, Prasad said. The new script is not in plain text, but—wait for it—encrypted using a shifting substitution cipher. Indeed, there is something called a Caesar Cipher.
This works by replacing every plaintext letter in a string with another that is a specified number of letters down the alphabet.
To be honest, it's about as simple as it gets, because decrypting such messages requires only the shift number. It is named after Julius Caesar, who was known to use encryption to keep his personal communication private while in transit. "This script is responsible for several processes," Prasad told me, "such as stealing user credentials and exfiltrating them to an attacker-controlled server.”
