A significant amount of malware has become a common threat to Mac OS systems in today’s rapidly developing threat landscape. The majority of these threats are associated with cybercriminal activities, including the theft of data and the mining of cryptocurrencies without consent. As of recently, cybercrime operations have been attributed to groups of advanced persistent threat (APT) groups that are sponsored by the North Korean government.
In addition to this trend, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) recently issued a public service announcement regarding North Korean social engineering campaigns. In many of these attacks, deceptive tactics are used to manipulate victims into divulging sensitive information or allowing access to the system. This type of attack is usually carried out using deceptive tactics.
As such, there have been increasing numbers of such incidents targeting software developers within the cryptocurrency industry, specifically those seeking employment opportunities, in a growing number of such incidents.
In my view, these sophisticated cyber threats, originating from North Korean threat actors, demonstrate the persistence and evolution of these threats.
Known as CL-STA-240, or Contagious Interview, the cyber campaign aims to infiltrate macOS systems with advanced malware strains, including RustDoor and Koi Stealer. It is known that these malicious programs have been specifically designed to exfiltrate sensitive data and can use sophisticated techniques to avoid detection within the macOS environment while doing so.
As a result of this campaign's technical proficiency, it reinforces the fact that threats targeting the Apple ecosystem are becoming increasingly complex as time passes.
he threat actors responsible for this operation are utilizing social engineering as a primary attack vector. By impersonating recruiters or potential employers, they can trick job seekers, especially those working in the cryptocurrency industry, into installing the compromised software unintentionally.
It is through this deceptive strategy that attackers can gain access to critical data while maintaining operational stealth.
These manipulative strategies are becoming increasingly popular, highlighting the persistent threat that state-sponsored cybercriminal groups, especially those linked to North Korea, continue to pose as they continue to refine their methods to exploit human vulnerability to continue their operation.
In the course of this cyber campaign, researchers have revealed that Rust-based malware, referred to as RustDoor, is hiding inside legitimate software updates to evade detection. In addition, researchers have discovered that there was an undocumented macOS variant of the Koi Stealer malware that has been discovered for the first time in recent years.
A recent investigation uncovered rare techniques for evasion, including manipulating macOS system components to conceal their presence and remain undetected. These sophisticated tactics underscore the increasing sophistication of threats aimed at Mac OS. In the past year, several reports have linked North Korean threat actors to cyberattacks targeting job seekers, which are based on the characteristics and methodologies observed in this campaign.
According to the available evidence, analysts can rely on a moderate degree of confidence that this attack was carried out to further North Korean state-sponsored cyber objectives. By using social engineering to target job seekers, these adversaries are further proving that they are involved in an extensive pattern of attacks.
An in-depth technical analysis of the recently identified Koi Stealer macOS variant was performed in this research, which provides an in-depth picture of the attackers’ activities in compromised environments.
In addition, Cortex XDR is used to examine the various stages of the attack to provide an understanding of the investigation.
A suite of advanced security solutions offered by Palo Alto Networks, an established leader in network security solutions, helps Palo Alto Networks' customers protect themselves from these evolving threats, including applications such as:
Two products offer enhanced detection and responding capabilities - Cortex XDR and XSIAM. Computer-based security services for firewalls, such as Advanced WildFire, Advanced DNS Security, and Advanced URL Filtering that provide proactive defense against malicious activities.
The use of these security solutions can help organizations greatly strengthen their defenses against RustDoor, Koi Stealer, and similar malware threats targeting MacOS environments. Often, victims are tricked into downloading malware disguised as legitimate software development tools in the form of fake job interviews associated with this campaign, which results in the infection process starting with a fake job interview.
The attackers were particularly noteworthy for using malicious Visual Studio projects, which is a strategy previously documented in similar cyber campaigns analyzed by Jamf Threat Labs.
When the RustDoor malware is executed, it establishes persistence within the system and attempts to exfiltrate sensitive user information, which is one of the first steps toward completing its operations.
Researchers have discovered that the threat actors have attempted to execute several variants of the malware throughout the investigation. As a result of this adaptive behavior, it appears to me that attackers are continuously adapting their approach in response to security controls and detection mechanisms in place.
According to security researchers, when the Cortex XDR was blocked for the initial attempt at infiltration, adversaries quickly tried to re-deploy and execute additional malware payloads to circumvent detection by redeploying and executing additional malware payloads.
RustDoor Infection Stages
An infection process that involves two RustDoor binaries being executed in hidden system directories to avoid detection of the malware is the process by which the RustDoor malware operates.
Another stage involves the deployment of additional payloads, such as a reverse shell, that allows attackers to gain remote access.
Several sensitive data sets were stolen, and the attackers specifically targeted credentials stored in web browsers, such as LastPass data from Google Chrome, as well as exfiltrating the information into command and control servers under their control. As part of this campaign, it was discovered that an IP address known as 31.41.244[.]92 has previously been used to conduct cybercriminal activities. This was one of our most significant findings.
The threat has also been associated with the RedLine Stealer infostealer campaign, which further reinforces the sophisticated nature of the ongoing threats that have been identified. The second malware strain identified, Koi Stealer, possesses advanced data exfiltration capabilities, as compared to the previously undocumented macOS variant.
According to this discovery, it is clear that macOS-targeted malware continues to evolve and that robust cybersecurity measures are necessary to mitigate the risks posed by these sophisticated threats and help to minimize incidents.
As a result of the Koi Stealer malware, a run-time string decryption mechanism is utilized by it. Throughout the binary code, there is a single function that is repeatedly invoked. In the decryption function, each character of a hard-coded key (xRdEh3f6g1qxTxsCfg1d30W66JuUgQvVti) is iterated sequentially from index 0 to index 33 and the XOR operation is applied between the key’s characters and the encrypted string's characters, in a way that is applied sequentially.
To get a better understanding of how Koi Stealer behaves, researchers developed a custom decryption program that replicates the malware's logic to gain insight into the malware's behavior, along with the techniques it uses to disguise its true functionality.
Using the same decryption routine, analysts were able to extract and analyze the decrypted strings with success, allowing a more comprehensive understanding of the malware’s capabilities and objectives. There are significant similarities between the code structure and execution flow of different versions of Koi Stealer, as shown by a comparison between the various variants.
Each variant of malware was designed consistently to steal data. Each category of stolen information was contained within separate functions within each variant. This modular design indicates that the malware has been developed in a structured and organized manner, further proving its sophistication.
Besides targeting common types of information stealers, Koi Stealer also has a specific interest in specific directories and configurations that are not commonly found in the information stealer world.
Interestingly, both of the analyzed samples actively target user data from Steam and Discord, which indicates a deep interest in credentials related to gaming platforms and communication platforms.
A wide range of targeted data demonstrates how versatile the malware is and how it is capable of being exploited for a wider range of purposes than traditional financial or credential thefts. The detailed breakdown of the notable decrypted strings and the additional technical findings found in Appendix C provides further insight into Koi Stealer's internal operations and goals, as well as providing additional insight into the company's internal operations.
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