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Information Compromised
Critical Infrastructure critical infrastructure cybersecurity Cyber Breaches cyber espionage Cyber Security Information Compromised

Shadow Campaigns Expose 37 Nations to State-Linked Cyber Espionage Operations

 

A state-backed cyber espionage effort known as the “Shadow Campaigns” has quietly breached government bodies and critical infrastructure across 37 countries. Investigators from Palo Alto Networks’ Unit 42 assess that the activity began by early 2024 and likely originates from Asia. While no formal attribution has been made, the actor is tracked as TGR-STA-1030 or UNC6619. The campaign is marked by stealth and persistence, focusing on long-term intelligence gathering rather than overt disruption. 

At least 70 organizations were confirmed compromised, primarily government ministries and agencies handling finance, trade, energy, mining, immigration, border control, diplomacy, and law enforcement. Victims span multiple regions, including Brazil’s Ministry of Mines and Energy, Mexican and Bolivian government-linked entities, infrastructure in Panama, and agencies across Europe such as those in Germany, Italy, Poland, and Czechia. Other affected organizations include an Indonesian airline, Malaysian government departments, Mongolian law enforcement, a Taiwanese power equipment supplier, and critical infrastructure entities across parts of Africa. 

Reconnaissance activity was even broader. Between November and December, infrastructure linked to 155 countries was scanned. Systems associated with Australia’s Treasury, Afghanistan’s Ministry of Finance, Nepal’s prime minister’s office, and hundreds of European Union and German government IP addresses showed signs of probing. Analysts noted spikes in activity during politically sensitive periods, including the U.S. government shutdown in October 2025 and the lead-up to Honduras’ national election, suggesting interest in geopolitical developments. Initial access often relied on highly targeted phishing emails referencing internal government matters. 

These messages delivered malware via compressed files hosted on Mega.nz, deploying a loader called Diaoyu that could fetch Cobalt Strike and VShell payloads after performing evasion checks. The group also exploited at least 15 known vulnerabilities in products such as Microsoft Exchange Server, SAP Solution Manager, D-Link devices, and Windows systems. A key finding was a custom Linux kernel rootkit, ShadowGuard, which operates at the kernel level to hide malicious activity and evade detection. 

Infrastructure supporting the campaign used legitimate VPS providers in the U.S., Singapore, and the U.K., along with relay servers and anonymization layers. Researchers conclude the actor is highly capable and remains an ongoing threat to governments and critical services worldwide.
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Government Cyber Threats
Critical Infrastructure Cyber Campaigns cyber espionage Cyber Security Cyber Spying Government Cyber Threats

Global Cyber Espionage Campaign Hits Governments in 37 Countries

 

A massive cyber spying effort - linked to a government-backed group operating out of Asia - has breached governmental bodies and essential infrastructure targets in 37 nations, recent findings by Palo Alto Networks reveal. Known under the identifier TGR-STA-1030, the assault reached more than 70 institutions during the last twelve months. This intrusion ranks among the broadest state-associated hacking episodes seen since the major compromise involving SolarWinds back in 2020. 

Attack efforts targeted government bodies handling commerce, monetary policy, power resources, frontier controls, one expert noted. What makes this operation distinct is its breadth and financial angle - data points show interest in critical raw materials, ongoing commercial talks, even realignments in global partnerships. 

What stood out, per Cybersecurity Dive’s coverage, was how Palo Alto labeled the campaign - the widest state-affiliated spying push seen lately. The firm avoided naming any nation directly, yet pointed to origins across Asia, highlighting its reach alongside advanced execution. Though no explicit attribution emerged, the depth of coordination suggested a well-resourced hand behind it.  

Five national law enforcement and border units fell victim, alongside financial branches across three countries, while several agencies handling natural resources or diplomacy also faced breaches. Targeted entities ranged from Taiwan’s state-backed electrical infrastructure provider to Mongolia’s federal policing body, including Indonesia’s senior administrative figure, the Czech legislative chamber plus its defense command, and Brazil’s energy regulatory office. 

State-linked telecom enterprises were impacted too, scattered through different regions without pattern. Peter Renals, principal security researcher with Palo Alto’s Unit 42 threat intelligence team, told Axios that government agencies and critical infrastructure organizations in the United States and United Kingdom were not impacted. Timing of the cyber intrusions seemed tightly linked to key political and economic moments. Around a month prior to Honduras’ presidential vote - marked by discussions on Taiwan relations - numerous state-linked IPs faced targeting. 

Meanwhile, in Mexico, suspicious digital actions emerged after news broke about trade probes connected to upcoming tariff decisions. Facing rising cyber threats, European authorities saw increased digital intrusions. After Czech leader Petr Pavel met with the Dalai Lama, scans appeared across defense, law enforcement, legislative, and administrative systems in the country. In parallel, German infrastructure came under scrutiny - close to five hundred public-sector internet addresses were probed that summer. 

Though separate events, both incidents pointed toward coordinated probing of state-level networks. Beginning with digital deception, the group used fake emails alongside unpatched security holes to enter systems. Exploiting weaknesses in tools like Microsoft Exchange Server and SAP Solution Manager was observed by analysts tracking their moves. Hidden inside compromised machines, a stealthy program named ShadowGuard took root beneath regular operating layers. 

This custom-built tool ran deep in Linux environments, masking operations where most scans rarely look. Alone between November and December, scans hit infrastructure across 155 nations - evidence of persistent probing ahead of possible follow-up actions. Though Palo Alto Networks alerted impacted governments and collaborators, the group behind the activity still operates, its presence a steady concern for critical systems and state-level safety around the globe.
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Russian threat actors
CANFAIL cyber espionage Emails Google Threat Intelligence Group PhantomCaptcha phishing Russian threat actors

Google Links CANFAIL Malware Attacks to Suspected Russia-Aligned Group

 



A newly identified cyber espionage group has been linked to a wave of digital attacks against Ukrainian institutions, according to findings released by the Google Threat Intelligence Group. Investigators say the activity involves a malware strain tracked as CANFAIL and assess that the operator is likely connected to Russian state intelligence interests.

The campaign has primarily focused on Ukrainian government structures at both regional and national levels. Entities tied to defense, the armed forces, and the energy sector have been repeatedly targeted. Analysts state that the selection of victims reflects strategic priorities consistent with wartime intelligence gathering.

Beyond these sectors, researchers observed that the actor’s attention has widened. Aerospace companies, manufacturers producing military equipment and drone technologies, nuclear and chemical research institutions, and international organizations engaged in conflict monitoring or humanitarian assistance in Ukraine have also been included in targeting efforts. This broader focus indicates an attempt to collect information across supply chains and support networks linked to the war.

While the group does not appear to possess the same operational depth as some established Russian hacking units, Google’s analysts note a recent shift in capability. The actor has reportedly begun using large language models to assist in reconnaissance, draft persuasive phishing content, and resolve technical challenges encountered after gaining initial access. These tools have also been used to help configure command-and-control infrastructure, allowing the attackers to manage compromised systems more effectively.

Email-based deception remains central to the intrusion strategy. In several recent operations, the attackers posed as legitimate Ukrainian energy providers in order to obtain unauthorized access to both organizational and personal email accounts. In separate incidents, they impersonated a Romanian energy supplier that serves Ukrainian clients. Investigators also documented targeting of a Romanian company and reconnaissance activity involving organizations in Moldova, suggesting regional expansion of the campaign.

To improve the precision of their phishing efforts, the attackers compile tailored email distribution lists based on geographic region and industry sector. The malicious messages frequently contain links hosted on Google Drive. These links direct recipients to download compressed RAR archives that contain the CANFAIL payload.

CANFAIL itself is a heavily obfuscated JavaScript program. It is commonly disguised with a double file extension, such as “.pdf.js,” to make it appear as a harmless document. When executed, the script launches a PowerShell command that retrieves an additional PowerShell-based dropper. This secondary component runs directly in system memory, a technique designed to reduce forensic traces on disk and evade conventional security tools. At the same time, the malware displays a fabricated error notification to mislead the victim into believing the file failed to open.

Google’s researchers further link this threat activity to a campaign known as PhantomCaptcha. That operation was previously documented in October 2025 by researchers at SentinelOne through its SentinelLABS division. PhantomCaptcha targeted organizations involved in Ukraine-related relief initiatives by sending phishing emails that redirected recipients to fraudulent websites. Those sites presented deceptive instructions intended to trigger the infection process, ultimately delivering a trojan that communicates over WebSocket channels.

The investigation illustrates how state-aligned actors continue to adapt their methods, combining traditional phishing tactics with newer technologies to sustain intelligence collection efforts tied to the conflict in Ukraine.

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Windows
cyber espionage deskrat Indian Government Linux malware RAT Windows

Cross-Platform Spyware Campaigns Target Indian Defense and Government Sectors

 



Cybersecurity researchers have identified multiple coordinated cyber espionage campaigns targeting organizations connected to India’s defense sector and government ecosystem. These operations are designed to infiltrate both Windows and Linux systems using remote access trojans that allow attackers to steal sensitive information and retain long-term control over compromised devices.

The activity involves several spyware families, including Geta RAT, Ares RAT, and DeskRAT. These tools have been associated in open-source security reporting with threat clusters commonly tracked as SideCopy and APT36, also known as Transparent Tribe. Analysts assess that SideCopy has operated for several years and functions as an operational subset of the broader cluster. Rather than introducing radically new tactics, the actors appear to be refining established espionage techniques by expanding their reach across operating systems, using stealthier memory-resident methods, and experimenting with new delivery mechanisms to avoid detection while sustaining strategic targeting.

Across the campaigns, initial access is commonly achieved through phishing emails that deliver malicious attachments or links to attacker-controlled servers. Victims are directed to open Windows shortcut files, Linux executables, or weaponized presentation add-ins. These files initiate multi-stage infection chains that install spyware while displaying decoy documents to reduce suspicion.

One observed Windows attack chain abuses a legitimate system utility to retrieve and execute web-hosted malicious code from compromised, regionally trusted websites. The downloaded component decrypts an embedded library, writes a decoy PDF file to disk, contacts a command-and-control server, and opens the decoy for the user. Before deploying Geta RAT, the malware checks which security products are installed and modifies its persistence technique accordingly to improve survivability. This method has been documented in public research by multiple security vendors.

Geta RAT enables extensive surveillance and control, including system profiling, listing and terminating processes, enumerating installed applications, credential theft, clipboard manipulation, screenshot capture, file management, command execution, and data extraction from connected USB devices.

Parallel Linux-focused attacks begin with a loader written in Go that downloads a shell script to install a Python-based Ares RAT. This malware supports remote command execution, data collection, and the running of attacker-supplied scripts. In a separate infection chain, DeskRAT, a Golang-based backdoor, is delivered through a malicious presentation add-in that establishes outbound communication to retrieve the payload, a technique previously described in independent research.

Researchers note that targets extend beyond defense to policy bodies, research institutions, critical infrastructure, and defense-adjacent organizations within the same trusted networks. The combined deployment of Geta RAT, Ares RAT, and DeskRAT reflects a developing toolkit optimized for stealth, persistence, and long-term intelligence collection.

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Singapore Telecoms
China Nexus Cyber Attacks cyber espionage Singapore Telecoms

Singapore Telecoms Hit by China-Linked Cyber Espionage

 

Singapore’s cyber watchdog has disclosed that an advanced cyber espionage group — UNC3886, with which APT10 and Red October have been linked — was behind attacks that targeted the four major telecom operators last year. The affected companies were Singtel, StarHub, M1 and Simba Telecom, which collectively provide the backbone of Singapore’s communications infrastructure. The authorities said this is the first time they have publicly acknowledged that the group’s targets have included telecommunications networks, highlighting how these systems are increasingly viewed as vital to national security. 

Although the hackers were able to gain access to some areas of the operators' networks, the Cyber Security Agency of Singapore said that no disruptions were caused to services and that no data belonging to customers was stolen. The breaches were deemed to be orchestrated to be stealthy, rather than loud, investigators said, with the hackers taking a sideways route through compromised networks inside chosen segments, rather than triggering massive outages. Officials stressed the incident was isolated and that there is no indication that the end users were directly affected and cautioned that the breaches are a serious security issue even if the attacks didn’t seem to affect them. 

The hackers were able to extract a limited amount of technical information from the telecom environments, primarily network‑related data such as configuration details and system metadata. Singapore’s cyber agency believes this information was stolen to support the group’s longer‑term operational objectives, including planning future intrusions, improving their understanding of the infrastructure and identifying potential weak points. While the volume of exfiltrated data was described as small, officials cautioned that even narrow slices of high‑value technical data can significantly enhance a sophisticated actor’s capabilities.

Google‑owned cybersecurity firm Mandiant has profiled UNC3886 as a highly advanced “China‑nexus” espionage group that has previously targeted defence, technology and telecommunications organisations in both the United States and Asia. Beijing routinely rejects allegations that it conducts or sponsors cyber espionage, insisting that China opposes all forms of cyberattacks and is itself a victim of malicious cyber activity. The Chinese Embassy in Singapore did not immediately respond to requests for comment on the latest disclosures about UNC3886.

In a joint statement, Singtel, StarHub, M1 and Simba Telecom acknowledged that they regularly face a wide spectrum of cyber threats, ranging from distributed denial‑of‑service attacks and malware to phishing campaigns and more persistent, stealthy intrusions. The operators said they employ “defence‑in‑depth” strategies, combining layered security controls with continuous monitoring and prompt remediation when suspicious activity is detected. They added that they work closely with government agencies and industry experts to strengthen the resilience of Singapore’s telecom infrastructure as cyber adversaries grow more capable.
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Unit 42 report
cyber espionage Cyber Security government network breach Shadow Campaigns state-sponsored cyber attack Unit 42 report

Shadow Campaigns: Asia-Linked Espionage Group Breaches Government and Critical Infrastructure Networks Worldwide

 

A state-backed cyber espionage group has infiltrated dozens of government and critical infrastructure networks across 37 countries as part of a global operation known as “Shadow Campaigns.”

During November and December of last year, the threat actor also carried out large-scale reconnaissance against government-linked entities spanning 155 countries, significantly expanding its intelligence-gathering footprint.

Researchers from Palo Alto Networks’ Unit 42 report that the group has been operational since at least January 2024 and is believed, with high confidence, to be based in Asia. Until firm attribution is established, the actor is being tracked under the identifiers TGR-STA-1030/UNC6619.

The Shadow Campaigns activity has primarily targeted government ministries and agencies involved in law enforcement, border security, finance, trade, energy, mining, immigration, and diplomacy. Unit 42 confirmed successful compromises of at least 70 government and critical infrastructure organizations across 37 nations.

Impacted entities include organizations handling trade policy, geopolitical affairs, and election-related matters in the Americas; ministries and parliamentary bodies across several European countries; Australia’s Treasury Department; and multiple government and infrastructure organizations in Taiwan. Researchers noted that the selection of targets and timing appeared to align closely with region-specific political or economic events.

According to Unit 42, the group intensified scanning activity during the U.S. government shutdown in October 2025, focusing on entities across North, Central, and South America, including Brazil, Canada, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, and Trinidad and Tobago.

Particularly notable was extensive reconnaissance against “at least 200 IP addresses hosting Government of Honduras infrastructure” just one month ahead of the country’s national elections, a period marked by political discussions around restoring diplomatic relations with Taiwan.

Unit 42 assessed that confirmed compromises included Brazil’s Ministry of Mines and Energy, a Bolivian mining-related entity, two Mexican ministries, government infrastructure in Panama, and an IP address linked to a Venezolana de Industria Tecnológica facility. Additional victims spanned government entities across Cyprus, Czechia, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Serbia, along with an Indonesian airline, several Malaysian ministries, a Mongolian law enforcement organization, a major Taiwanese power equipment supplier, and a Thai government department likely associated with economic and trade data. Critical infrastructure organizations across multiple African nations were also affected.

The researchers further believe the actor attempted SSH connections to systems associated with Australia’s Treasury Department, Afghanistan’s Ministry of Finance, and Nepal’s Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers. Beyond confirmed breaches, evidence suggests widespread reconnaissance and intrusion attempts in numerous other countries.

Unit 42 also observed scanning of Czech government infrastructure, including systems tied to the army, police, parliament, and several ministries. The group attempted to access European Union infrastructure as well, targeting over 600 IP addresses hosting *.europa.eu domains. In July 2025, Germany was a focal point, with connection attempts made to more than 490 government-hosted IP addresses.

Early stages of the campaign relied heavily on spear-phishing emails crafted specifically for government officials. These messages often referenced internal ministry restructuring to increase credibility.

The phishing emails contained links to malicious archives hosted on Mega.nz, using localized file names. Inside the archives were a malware loader called Diaoyu and a zero-byte PNG file named pic1.png. Unit 42 found that Diaoyu could retrieve Cobalt Strike payloads and the VShell framework for command-and-control operations, but only after passing several analysis-evasion checks.

“Beyond the hardware requirement of a horizontal screen resolution greater than or equal to 1440, the sample performs an environmental dependency check for a specific file (pic1.png) in its execution directory,” the researchers say.

They explained that the empty image file acts as an integrity check, causing the malware to terminate if the file is missing. To further avoid detection, the loader scans for active processes linked to security tools such as Kaspersky, Avira, Bitdefender, Sentinel One, and Norton.

In addition to phishing, the group exploited at least 15 known vulnerabilities to gain initial access, targeting flaws in SAP Solution Manager, Microsoft Exchange Server, D-Link products, and Microsoft Windows.

New Linux Rootkit Discovered


The Shadow Campaigns toolkit includes multiple webshells—such as Behinder, Godzilla, and Neo-reGeorg—as well as tunneling tools like GO Simple Tunnel (GOST), Fast Reverse Proxy Server (FRPS), and IOX.

Researchers also uncovered a previously undocumented Linux kernel eBPF rootkit named ShadowGuard, believed to be exclusive to TGR-STA-1030/UNC6619.

“eBPF backdoors are notoriously difficult to detect because they operate entirely within the highly trusted kernel space,” the researchers explain.
“This allows them to manipulate core system functions and audit logs before security tools or system monitoring applications can see the true data.”

ShadowGuard hides malicious processes at the kernel level, concealing up to 32 process IDs from standard Linux monitoring utilities through syscall interception. It can also obscure files and directories named swsecret, while allowing operators to specify which processes remain visible.

The campaign’s infrastructure relies on victim-facing servers hosted with legitimate VPS providers in the U.S., Singapore, and the UK, combined with relay servers, residential proxies, and Tor for traffic obfuscation. Researchers noted the use of deceptive command-and-control domains designed to appear familiar to targets, including region-specific top-level domains.

"It’s possible that the domain name could be a reference to 'DOGE Jr,' which has several meanings in a Western context, such as the U.S. Department of Government Efficiency or the name of a cryptocurrency," the researchers explain.

Unit 42 concludes that TGR-STA-1030/UNC6619 is a highly capable espionage actor focused on gathering strategic, economic, and political intelligence, with a proven record of impacting government entities worldwide. The full report includes indicators of compromise (IoCs) to assist defenders in identifying and blocking related activity.
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Software
cyber espionage Cyber Phishing Cyber Security Government Linux Kernel organisations Software

Dozens of Government and Infrastructure Networks Breached in Global Espionage Campaign



Security researchers have identified a previously undocumented cyber espionage group that infiltrated at least 70 government and critical infrastructure organizations across 37 countries within the past year. The same activity cluster also conducted wide-scale scanning and probing of government-related systems connected to 155 countries between November and December 2025, indicating a broad intelligence collection effort rather than isolated attacks.

The group is tracked as TGR-STA-1030, a temporary designation used for actors assessed to operate with state-backed intent. Investigators report evidence of activity dating back to January 2024. While no specific country has been publicly confirmed as the sponsor, technical indicators suggest an Asian operational footprint. These indicators include the services and tools used, language and configuration preferences, targeting patterns tied to regional interests, and working hours consistent with the GMT+8 time zone.


Who was targeted and what was taken

Confirmed victims include national law enforcement and border agencies, finance ministries, and departments responsible for trade, natural resources, and diplomatic affairs. In several intrusions, attackers maintained access for months. During these periods, sensitive data was taken from compromised email servers, including financial negotiations, contract material, banking information, and operational details linked to military or security functions.


How the intrusions worked

The initial entry point commonly involved phishing messages that led recipients to download files hosted on a legitimate cloud storage service. The downloaded archive contained a custom loader and a decoy file. The malware was engineered to avoid automated analysis by refusing to run unless specific environmental conditions were met, including a required screen resolution and the presence of the decoy file. It also checked for the presence of selected security products before proceeding.

Once active, the loader retrieved additional components disguised as image files from a public code repository. These components were used to deploy a well known command and control framework to manage compromised systems. The repository linked to this activity has since been taken down.

Beyond phishing, the group relied on known vulnerabilities in widely used enterprise and network software to gain initial access. There is no indication that previously unknown flaws were used. After entry, the attackers employed a mix of command and control tools, web shells for remote access, and tunneling utilities to move traffic through intermediary servers.

Researchers also observed a Linux kernel level implant that hides processes, files, and network activity by manipulating low level system functions. This tool concealed directories with a specific name to avoid detection. To mask their operations, the attackers rented infrastructure from legitimate hosting providers and routed traffic through additional relay servers.

Analysts assess that the campaign focuses on countries with active or emerging economic partnerships of interest to the attackers. The scale, persistence, and technical depth of these operations highlight ongoing risks to national security and essential public services, and reinforce the need for timely patching, email security controls, and continuous monitoring across government networks. 

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Transparent Tribe
Advanced Persistent Threat APT36 Command And Control cyber espionage Indian Government Cyber Attacks malware Remote Access Trojan Spear Phishing Transparent Tribe

Transparent Tribe Targets Indian Public Sector and Academic Networks


Several recent cyber espionage campaigns have drawn attention to Transparent Tribe, a long-standing advanced persistent threat group associated with a new wave of intrusions targeting Indian government bodies, academic institutions, and strategically sensitive organizations, which have re-opened the issue of Transparent Tribe. 


According to security researchers, the activity has been attributed to the deployment of a sophisticated remote access trojan that is designed to establish a persistent, covert control over the compromised system, allowing the monitoring and access of data over a period of time. 

In the process of carrying out this operation, it is evident that the execution was carried out with a high degree of social engineering finesse, as it used carefully crafted delivery mechanisms, including a weaponized Windows shortcut file disguised as a legitimate PDF document, filled with authentic-looking content, which reduced suspicion and increased execution rates, according to the technical analysis carried out by CYFIRMA.

APT36 is a name that has been associated with Transparent Tribe in the security community for more than a decade. Transparent Tribe has maintained a consistent focus on Indian targets since the beginning of the 20th century, refining tradecraft and tooling to support the group's goals. In the past few years, the group has steadily added malware to its malware portfolio. 

To adapt to changing defenses while maintaining access to high-value networks, the group has deployed a suite of custom remote access trojans like CapraRAT, Crimson RAT, ElizaRAT, and DeskRAT. As the investigation has found, the intrusion chain was initiated by a targeted spear-phishing email that delivered a compressed ZIP archive that contained a Windows shortcut file, crafted to look like a benign PDF document. 

Upon execution, the file silently invokes a remote HTML Application using the native Windows component called mshta.exe, which has been abused numerous times over the years to circumvent security checks. 

To maintain the illusion of legitimacy, a PDF decoy file is also downloaded and opened while the HTA script is decrypted and loaded entirely in memory, minimizing its footprint on the disk. This decoy PDF can be downloaded and opened without triggering the HTA script. 

It has been reported by CYFIRMA that when the malware is able to decode the data, it will make extensive use of ActiveX objects, particularly WScript.Shell, to profile the host environment and manipulate runtime behavior. As a result of this technique, execution reliability and compatibility with the victim system will be improved. 

Furthermore, this campaign's adaptive persistence strategy differs from the rest in that it dynamically adjusts itself in accordance with the endpoint security software detecting the compromised machine on the runtime. 

Depending on the software people are running, Kaspersky, Quick Heal, Avast, AVG, or Avira have a tailor-made persistence mechanism that includes obfuscated HTA payloads, batch scripts, registry modifications, and malicious shortcut files placed in the Windows Startup directory to encrypt data. 

As for systems lacking recognizable antivirus protection, a broader combination of these strategies can be used. This operation is anchored on a secondary HTA component which delivers a malicious DLL — known as iinneldc.dll — that performs the function of a fully featured RAT capable of allowing attackers to remotely administer a host, execute file operations, exfiltrate data, capture screenshots, monitor clipboards and control processes, allowing them to take complete control of infected systems. 

In terms of operations, this campaign underscores Transparent Tribe's reliance on deceiving its adversaries as a central pillar of its intrusion strategy, emphasizing the importance of adaptability and deception. 

The researchers found that attackers intentionally embedded complete, legitimate-looking PDF documents as shortcut files, presenting them as regular correspondence while hiding executable logic under the surface so that they would appear to be routine correspondence. 

When this is done, it greatly increases the chances that the user will interact with the malware before it becomes apparent that any warning signs have been raised. Once access is gained, the malware doesn't need to rely on a single, static method to maintain its position. 

Instead, it actively evaluates the compromised system's security posture and dynamically selects persistence mechanisms based on the installed endpoint protection, with a degree of conditional logic that is a reflection of careful planning and familiarity with common defensive environments in an attempt to meet their needs. 

Using encrypted command-and-control channels, the remote access trojan can communicate with attacker-controlled infrastructure, enabling it to receive instructions and exfiltrate sensitive data all while blending into the normal traffic stream on the network, reducing the chances it will be detected. 

According to security analysts, this operation has far broader implications than just a routine malware incident and has a lot to do with the overall threat landscape. It is clear from the campaign that it is an operation of cyber-espionage carried out by a cyber-espionage group with a long history of targeting the Indian government, defense and research institutions as a target for their attacks. 

There is an intentional effort to avoid traditional signature-based defenses with this attack by focusing on in-memory execution and fileless techniques, while the use of socially engineered, document-based lures indicates that an understanding is in place of how trust and familiarity can be exploited within targeted organizations in order to achieve a successful attack. 

The combination of these elements suggests that a persistent and mature adversary has been refining its tradecraft for years, reinforcing concerns about the sustained cyber threat facing critical sectors in India. Additionally, the malware deployed in this campaign functions as a remote access trojan that allows attackers to control infected systems in a persistent and covert manner. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that this malware is a highly sophisticated remote access trojan. 

In addition to the use of trusted Windows binaries such as mshta.exe, PowerShell, and cmd.exe, researchers discovered the toolset focuses heavily on stealth, utilizing in-memory execution as well, which minimizes the on-disk footprint, as well as evading traditional detection methods. 

In addition to setting up an encrypted command-and-control channel, the RAT also provides operators with the ability to issue commands, collect detailed system information, and exfiltrate sensitive information without being noticed. 

By exploiting the exploits of the malware, operators are able to create a profile of compromised hosts by gathering information such as the operating system’s details, usernames, installed software, and active antivirus software, enabling them to implement follow-up actions tailored to their needs. 

This software enables remote command execution, comprehensive file management, targeted document theft, screenshot capture, clipboard monitoring and manipulation, granular process control, as well as the ability to execute commands remotely. This software is supported by persistence mechanisms that are adjusted according to the victim's security environment. 

Collectively, these capabilities strengthen the perception that the malware has been designed to support long-term surveillance and data collection rather than short-term disruption, thus confirming that it was built specifically for espionage. Typically, the infection lifecycle begins with a carefully constructed social engineering lure that appears to be legitimate and routine. 

As the payload in this case was framed as an examination-related document, it was used to target victims and spread the word that they would be able to receive a ZIP archive titled "Online JLPT Exam Dec 2025.zip." The archive reveals a shortcut file whose extension is .pdf.lnk when extracted, which is a tactic that exploits Windows’ way of handling shortcut files, where it conceals the executable nature of the payload even though the file extensions can be seen on the file.

This shortcut, which is unusually large—measuring over 2 megabytes instead of the usual 10 to 12 megabytes—prompted closer examination to reveal that the file was deliberately inflated in order to closely resemble a legitimate PDF file. 

It was discovered that the shortcut contained multiple markers associated with embedded image objects, indicating that it contained a complete PDF structure as opposed to serving simply as a pointer. This design choice was made so the shortcut would appear in line with user expectations, as well as fit the file size within the archive. 

In addition to this, a multi-stage design can be observed in the archive as well. An investigation revealed that there is a hidden directory labelled “usb” containing a file titled usbsyn.pim in it, which was unable to be decoded conclusively during analysis, but which researchers believe to contain encrypted data or code that will be used later on in the execution process. 

As a result of activating the shortcut, a legitimate Windows application called MSSHTA.exe is invoked, passing a remote URL to a malicious HTML application hosted on attacker-controlled infrastructure in order to retrieve and execute this malicious HTML application. 

It is evident from file metadata that the shortcut was created in late March 2025, a timeframe which provides some insight into the campaign's timeline. It is the intent of the HTA loader, to create the illusion of legitimacy, to retrieve and open a legitimate PDF document simultaneously, so the victim perceives the activity as harmless and expected. 

Moreover, the HTA loader itself is the basis of the execution chain, which has been designed to operate with the least amount of user visibility possible. 

A script launching at zero dimensions hides the activity of its execution by resizing its window to zero dimensions. The script then initializes a series of custom functions that perform Base64 decoding and XOR-based decryption routines, in order to gradually reconstruct the malicious payload in memory. This is all accomplished by the loader exploiting ActiveX components, such as WScript.Shell, in order to interact with the underlying Windows environment during this process.

Through the querying of registry keys to determine which .NET runtimes are available and the dynamic adjustment of environment variables such as COMPLUS_Version, the malware ensures that the malware is compatible with different systems. 

It is clear that Transparent Tribe's campaign has been highly calculated and methodical in its approach to environment profiling, runtime manipulation, and abuse of legitimate system components, demonstrating a mature tradecraft that is reflected in the campaign's methodical approach. 

Researchers report that, beyond the activities linked to Transparent Tribe, there are growing threats that are being targeted at Indian institutions, and tools and infrastructure that overlap are increasingly blurring the lines between various regional espionage groups who are using overlapping tools and infrastructure. 

A former hacker named Patchwork has also been identified as the perpetrator of an assault program dubbed StreamSpy, which introduces a dual-channel command-and-control model that utilizes WebSocket and HTTP protocols to deliver distinct operational benefits, as of December 2025. 

Using WebSocket connections for executing commands and returning execution results, as opposed to the traditional HTTP connections for transferring files, displays the analysis by QiAnXin, indicating a design choice intended to reduce visibility and evade routine network inspection by the company. 

By using ZIP archive delivery services hosted on attacker-controlled domains, the malware has delivered a payload capable of harvesting information about a system, establishing persistence through multiple mechanisms, including registry modifications, scheduled tasks, and startup shortcuts, and providing an array of commands for remote file manipulation, execution, and file retrieval. 

Furthermore, investigators have identified code-level similarities between StreamSpy and Spyder, a backdoor variant previously attributed to SideWinder and historically used by Patchwork, as well as digital signatures reminiscent of ShadowAgent, a Windows RAT associated with the DoNot Team, that are similar to ShadowAgent. 

According to the convergence of these technical indicators, coupled with independent detections by several security firms in late 2025, it appears that regional threat actors continue to integrate tooling and cross-pollinate among themselves. 

Analysts are stating that the emergence of StreamSpy and its variants reflects a sustained effort among these groups to refine the arsenals they possess, experiment with alternative communication channels, and maintain operational relevance while the defensive capabilities of these groups improve. Taking all of the findings presented in this investigation together, people are able to identify a cyber-espionage ecosystem that is more widespread and more entrenched against Indian institutions. 

It is characterized by patience, technical depth, and convergence between multiple threat actors in terms of tools and techniques. This campaign provides an example of how mature adversaries continue to improve their social engineering skills, take advantage of trusted components of systems and customize persistence mechanisms in order to maintain long-term access to high-value networks through social engineering and system abuse.

StreamSpy, for instance, illustrates a parallel trend in which regional espionage groups iterate on one another's malware frameworks, while experimenting with alternative command-and-control systems to evade detection, a trend that has been accelerating since the advent of related toolsets. 

Defendants should be aware that the significance of these campaigns lies not in any particular exploit or payload, but rather in the cumulative messages that they send, demonstrating that state-aligned threat actors are still deeply involved in collecting persistent intelligence and that the threat to government institutions, educational institutions, and strategic sectors is evolving rather than receding in sophistication.
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PDF
APT36 Avast avira cyber espionage HTTP Kaspersky malware PDF

Advanced Malware Campaigns Target Government and Academic Organizations


Cybersecurity researchers have identified ongoing cyber-espionage campaigns targeting government departments, academic institutions, and strategically important organizations across South Asia. The activity has been attributed to two established threat actors, Transparent Tribe and Patchwork, both known for maintaining long-term access to compromised systems.

Transparent Tribe, also tracked as APT36, has been active since at least 2013 and is associated with repeated intelligence-gathering operations against Indian organizations. In its latest campaign, the group used spear-phishing emails carrying ZIP archives that contained Windows shortcut files disguised as legitimate PDF documents. These shortcut files included real PDF content to appear harmless.

When opened, the shortcut launches a hidden process using the Windows utility mshta.exe, which runs an HTML Application script. This script decrypts and loads the final remote access trojan directly into system memory while simultaneously opening a decoy PDF to avoid alerting the victim. The script also interacts with Windows through ActiveX components, such as WScript.Shell, allowing it to analyze the environment and adjust execution behavior.

The malware adapts its persistence strategy based on the antivirus software installed. On systems with Kaspersky, it creates a working directory under C:\Users\Public\core and uses startup shortcuts to relaunch the malicious script. If Quick Heal is detected, it relies on batch files and startup entries. On machines running Avast, AVG, or Avira, the payload is copied directly into the Startup folder. If no recognized antivirus is found, the malware combines batch execution, registry-based persistence, and delayed payload deployment.

A second-stage component includes a malicious DLL named iinneldc.dll, which functions as a fully featured RAT. It allows attackers to remotely control the system, manage files, steal data, capture screenshots, monitor clipboard activity, and manipulate running processes.

Researchers also identified a separate APT36 campaign using a shortcut file disguised as a government advisory PDF. This file retrieves an installer from a remote server, extracts multiple malicious files, displays a legitimate advisory issued by Pakistan’s national CERT, and establishes persistence through registry modifications. One DLL communicates with a hard-coded command-and-control server using reversed strings to hide command endpoints and supports system registration, heartbeat signals, command execution, and anti-virtual-machine checks.

In a related disclosure, researchers linked Patchwork, also known as Maha Grass or Dropping Elephant, to espionage campaigns targeting Pakistan’s defense sector. These attacks used phishing emails with ZIP attachments containing MSBuild project files that abuse msbuild.exe to install a Python-based backdoor. The malware can communicate with command servers, execute Python modules, run commands, and transfer files.

Patchwork has also been associated with a previously undocumented trojan named StreamSpy. Delivered through ZIP archives hosting an executable named Annexure.exe, StreamSpy collects system information, establishes persistence through registry entries, scheduled tasks, or startup shortcuts, and communicates using both WebSocket and HTTP. WebSocket channels are used for command delivery and result transmission, while HTTP handles file transfers. Researchers observed technical similarities between StreamSpy, Spyder, and other malware families, indicating shared infrastructure and continued collaboration among related threat groups.



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ToneShell
cyber espionage Kapersky Kernel malware ToneShell

Advanced Rootkit Used to Conceal ToneShell Malware in Targeted Cyberespionage Attacks

 



Cybersecurity researchers have brought to light a new wave of cyberespionage activity in which government networks across parts of Asia were quietly compromised using an upgraded version of the ToneShell backdoor. What sets this campaign apart is the method used to hide the malware. Instead of relying solely on user-level tools, the attackers deployed a kernel-mode component that operates deep within the Windows operating system, allowing the intrusion to remain largely invisible.

The activity has been linked with high confidence to a China-aligned cyberespionage group that has a long history of targeting government agencies, policy institutions, non-governmental organizations, and research bodies. Investigators say the campaign reflects a continued focus on long-term intelligence collection rather than short-lived attacks.

The findings come from an investigation by Kaspersky, which identified malicious system drivers on compromised machines in countries including Myanmar and Thailand. Evidence suggests the campaign has been active since at least February 2025. In several cases, the affected systems had previously been infected with older espionage tools tied to the same threat ecosystem, indicating that access was maintained and expanded over time.

At the centre of the operation is a malicious kernel-mode driver disguised as a legitimate system component. The driver is digitally signed using an older certificate that appears to have been improperly reused, helping it avoid immediate suspicion during installation. Once active, it acts as a rootkit, injecting hidden code into normal processes and blocking attempts by security software to detect or remove it.

The driver protects itself aggressively. It prevents its files and registry entries from being altered, assigns itself a high execution priority, and interferes with Microsoft Defender by stopping key components from fully loading. While malicious code is running, it temporarily blocks access to infected processes, removing those restrictions afterwards to leave fewer traces behind.

The ToneShell backdoor delivered by this loader has also been updated. Earlier versions used a longer and more distinctive system identifier. The new variant switches to a shorter four-byte host marker, making individual infections harder to track. Its network traffic has been altered as well, with communications disguised to resemble legitimate encrypted web connections through the use of fake security headers.

Once installed, the backdoor gives attackers broad control over compromised systems. It can stage data in temporary files, upload and download information, cancel transfers when needed, open interactive remote command sessions, execute instructions in real time, and close connections cleanly to reduce forensic evidence. These features point to a tool designed for sustained, low-noise espionage rather than disruptive attacks.

Kaspersky warns that detecting this activity requires more than standard file scanning. Because much of the malicious behaviour occurs in memory and at the kernel level, advanced memory forensics are critical for uncovering infections. The researchers note that the campaign demonstrates a clear shift toward greater stealth and resilience, underscoring the growing sophistication of modern cyberespionage operations.

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Malwares
cyber espionage Cyber Espionage Campaign Cyberattacks cybersecurity risks Iran Iranian malware Malware Attack Malwares

Iranian Infy Prince of Persia Cyber Espionage Campaign Resurfaces

 

Security researchers have identified renewed cyber activity linked to an Iranian threat actor known as Infy, also referred to as Prince of Persia, marking the group’s re-emergence nearly five years after its last widely reported operations in Europe and the Middle East. According to SafeBreach, the scale and persistence of the group’s recent campaigns suggest it remains an active and capable advanced persistent threat. 

Infy is considered one of the longest-operating APT groups, with its origins traced back to at least 2004. Despite this longevity, it has largely avoided the spotlight compared with other Iranian-linked groups such as Charming Kitten or MuddyWater. Earlier research attributed Infy’s attacks to a relatively focused toolkit built around two primary malware families: Foudre, a downloader and reconnaissance tool, and Tonnerre, a secondary implant used for deeper system compromise and data exfiltration. These tools are believed to be distributed primarily through phishing campaigns. 

Recent analysis from SafeBreach reveals a previously undocumented campaign targeting organizations and individuals across multiple regions, including Iran, Iraq, Turkey, India, Canada, and parts of Europe. The operation relies on updated versions of both Foudre and Tonnerre, with the most recent Tonnerre variant observed in September 2025. Researchers noted changes in initial infection methods, with attackers shifting away from traditional malicious macros toward embedding executables directly within Microsoft Excel documents to initiate malware deployment. 

One of the most distinctive aspects of Infy’s current operations is its resilient command-and-control infrastructure. The malware employs a domain generation algorithm to rotate C2 domains regularly, reducing the likelihood of takedowns. Each domain is authenticated using an RSA-based verification process, ensuring that compromised systems only communicate with attacker-approved servers. SafeBreach researchers observed that the malware retrieves encrypted signature files daily to validate the legitimacy of its C2 endpoints.

Further inspection of the group’s infrastructure uncovered structured directories used for domain verification, logging communications, and storing exfiltrated data. Evidence also suggests the presence of mechanisms designed to support malware updates, indicating ongoing development and maintenance of the toolset. 

The latest version of Tonnerre introduces another notable feature by integrating Telegram as part of its control framework. The malware is capable of interacting with a specific Telegram group through its C2 servers, allowing operators to issue commands and collect stolen data. Access to this functionality appears to be selectively enabled for certain victims, reinforcing the targeted nature of the campaign. 

SafeBreach researchers also identified multiple legacy malware variants associated with Infy’s earlier operations between 2017 and 2020, highlighting a pattern of continuous experimentation and adaptation. Contrary to assumptions that the group had gone dormant after 2022, the new findings indicate sustained activity and operational maturity over the past several years. 

The disclosure coincides with broader research into Iranian cyber operations, including analysis suggesting that some threat groups operate with structured workflows resembling formal government departments. Together, these findings reinforce concerns that Infy remains a persistent espionage threat with evolving technical capabilities and a long-term strategic focus.
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North Korea Cyber Operations
APT Cyber Crime cyber espionage Cyber Security Financial crime Financial Cybersecurity North Korea North Korea Cyber Operations

North Korean APT Collaboration Signals Escalating Cyber Espionage and Financial Cybercrime

 

Security analysts have identified a new escalation in cyber operations linked to North Korea, as two of the country’s most well-known threat actors—Kimsuky and Lazarus—have begun coordinating attacks with unprecedented precision. A recent report from Trend Micro reveals that the collaboration merges Kimsuky’s extensive espionage methods with Lazarus’s advanced financial intrusion capabilities, creating a two-part operation designed to steal intelligence, exploit vulnerabilities, and extract funds at scale. 

Rather than operating independently, the two groups are now functioning as a complementary system. Kimsuky reportedly initiates most campaigns by collecting intelligence and identifying high-value victims through sophisticated phishing schemes. One notable 2024 campaign involved fraudulent invitations to a fake “Blockchain Security Symposium.” Attached to the email was a malicious Hangul Word Processor document embedded with FPSpy malware, which stealthily installed a keylogger called KLogEXE. This allowed operators to record keystrokes, steal credentials, and map internal systems for later exploitation. 

Once reconnaissance was complete, data collected by Kimsuky was funneled to Lazarus, which then executed the second phase of attacks. Investigators found Lazarus leveraged an unpatched Windows zero-day vulnerability, identified as CVE-2024-38193, to obtain full system privileges. The group distributed infected Node.js repositories posing as legitimate open-source tools to compromise server environments. With this access, the InvisibleFerret backdoor was deployed to extract cryptocurrency wallet contents and transactional logs. Advanced anti-analysis techniques, including Fudmodule, helped the malware avoid detection by enterprise security tools. Researchers estimate that within a 48-hour window, more than $30 million in digital assets were quietly stolen. 

Further digital forensic evidence reveals that both groups operated using shared command-and-control servers and identical infrastructure patterns previously observed in earlier North Korean cyberattacks, including the 2014 breach of a South Korean nuclear operator. This shared ecosystem suggests a formalized, state-aligned operational structure rather than ad-hoc collaboration.  

Threat activity has also expanded beyond finance and government entities. In early 2025, European energy providers received a series of targeted phishing attempts aimed at collecting operational power grid intelligence, signaling a concerning pivot toward critical infrastructure sectors. Experts believe this shift aligns with broader strategic motivations: bypassing sanctions, funding state programs, and positioning the regime to disrupt sensitive systems if geopolitical tensions escalate. 

Cybersecurity specialists advise organizations to strengthen resilience through aggressive patch management, multi-layered email security, secure cryptocurrency storage practices, and active monitoring for indicators of compromise such as unexpected execution of winlogon.exe or unauthorized access to blockchain-related directories. 

Researchers warn that the coordinated activity between Lazarus and Kimsuky marks a new phase in North Korea’s cyber posture—one blending intelligence gathering with highly organized financial theft, creating a sustained and evolving global threat.
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protecting sensitive data
China Critical Infrastructure cyber espionage Cyber Security Czech data security Data Transfer protecting sensitive data

Czechia Warns of Chinese Data Transfers and Espionage Risks to Critical Infrastructure

 

Czechia’s National Cyber and Information Security Agency (NÚKIB) has issued a stark warning about rising cyber espionage campaigns linked to China and Russia, urging both government institutions and private companies to strengthen their security measures. The agency classified the threat as highly likely, citing particular concerns over data transfers to China and remote administration of assets from Chinese territories, including Hong Kong and Macau. According to the watchdog, these operations are part of long-term efforts by foreign states to compromise critical infrastructure, steal sensitive data, and undermine public trust. 

The agency’s concerns are rooted in China’s legal and regulatory framework, which it argues makes private data inherently insecure. Laws such as the National Intelligence Law of 2017 require all citizens and organizations to assist intelligence services, while the 2015 National Security Law and the 2013 Company Law provide broad avenues for state interference in corporate operations. Additionally, regulations introduced in 2021 obligate technology firms to report software vulnerabilities to government authorities within two days while prohibiting disclosure to foreign organizations. NÚKIB noted that these measures give Chinese state actors sweeping access to sensitive information, making foreign businesses and governments vulnerable if their data passes through Chinese systems. 

Hong Kong and Macau also fall under scrutiny in the agency’s assessment. In Hong Kong, the 2024 Safeguarding National Security Ordinance integrates Chinese security laws into its own legal system, broadening the definition of state secrets. Macau’s 2019 Cybersecurity Law grants authorities powers to monitor data transmissions from critical infrastructure in real time, with little oversight to prevent misuse. NÚKIB argues that these developments extend the Chinese government’s reach well beyond its mainland jurisdiction. 

The Czech warning gains credibility from recent attribution efforts. Earlier this year, Prague linked cyberattacks on its Ministry of Foreign Affairs to APT31, a group tied to China’s Ministry of State Security, in a campaign active since 2022. The government condemned the attacks as deliberate attempts to disrupt its institutions and confirmed a high degree of certainty about Chinese involvement, based on cooperation among domestic and international intelligence agencies. 

These warnings align with broader global moves to limit reliance on Chinese technologies. Countries such as Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands have already imposed restrictions, while the Five Eyes alliance has issued similar advisories. For Czechia, the implications are serious: NÚKIB highlighted risks across devices and systems such as smartphones, cloud services, photovoltaic inverters, and health technology, stressing that disruptions could have wide-reaching consequences. The agency’s message reflects an ongoing effort to secure its digital ecosystem against foreign influence, particularly as geopolitical tensions deepen in Europe.
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protecting sensitive data
Chinese Hackers Cyber Attacks cyber espionage cybercriminal group Cyberthreatm Salt Typhoon Hacks data security Data Theft DHS Hacker attack Hacker group protecting sensitive data

Chinese Hacker Group Salt Typhoon Breaches U.S. National Guard Network for Nine Months

 

An elite Chinese cyber-espionage group known as Salt Typhoon infiltrated a U.S. state’s Army National Guard network for nearly nine months, according to a classified Pentagon report revealed in a June Department of Homeland Security (DHS) memo. The memo, obtained by the nonprofit Property of the People through a freedom of information request, indicates the hackers had deep access between March and December 2024, raising alarms about compromised military or law enforcement data. 

Salt Typhoon has previously been linked to some of the most expansive cyber-intrusions into American infrastructure. This latest revelation suggests their reach was even broader than earlier believed. Authorities are still investigating the full extent of data accessed, including sensitive internal documents, personal information of service members, and network architecture diagrams. The affected state’s identity remains undisclosed. 

The Department of Defense declined to comment on the matter, while a spokesperson from the National Guard Bureau confirmed the breach but assured that the incident did not hinder any ongoing state or federal missions. Investigations are ongoing to determine the scope and potential long-term impact of the breach. 

China’s embassy in Washington did not directly deny the allegations but claimed the U.S. had not provided concrete evidence linking Salt Typhoon to the Chinese government. They reiterated that cyberattacks are a global threat and that China also faces similar risks. 

Salt Typhoon is particularly notorious for its ability to infiltrate and pivot across different networks. In a prior campaign, the group was linked to breaches at major telecom companies, including AT&T and Verizon, where hackers allegedly monitored text messages and calls tied to U.S. political figures, including both Trump and Harris campaigns and Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer’s office.

The hybrid structure of the National Guard — functioning under both federal and state authority — may have provided a wider attack surface. According to the DHS memo, the group may have obtained intelligence that could be used to compromise other states’ National Guard units and their local cybersecurity partners. Fourteen state National Guard units reportedly share intelligence with local fusion centers, potentially magnifying the risk. 

In January 2025, the U.S. Treasury Department sanctioned a company in Sichuan believed to be facilitating Salt Typhoon operations for China’s Ministry of State Security. Past incidents have shown that Salt Typhoon can maintain access for years, making complete removal and defense particularly challenging.
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Russian Hackers
COLDRIVER Coldriver hacker group Cyber Attacks cyber espionage data security espionage Hacker attack Malware Attack Malwares Russian Hackers

Lostkeys Malware: Russian Group Coldriver Targets Western Officials in Espionage Campaign

 

A new wave of cyber espionage has emerged, with Russian hackers deploying a sophisticated malware strain known as “Lostkeys” to infiltrate the systems of Western officials, journalists, and NGOs. According to researchers from Google’s Threat Intelligence Group, the malware is linked to Coldriver, also known as UNC4057, Star Blizzard, or Callisto—a threat actor believed to be part of Russia’s Federal Security Service (FSB), the successor to the KGB. 

Coldriver has traditionally been involved in phishing operations to steal credentials, but the emergence of Lostkeys demonstrates a significant leap in their cyber capabilities. Lostkeys appears to mark a shift in strategy for the group, moving beyond phishing and into deeper system infiltration. The malware is deployed in a targeted manner, reserved for high-value individuals such as political advisors, think tank members, journalists, and people with known connections to Ukraine.

Activity related to Lostkeys was observed by Google in the early months of 2024—specifically January, March, and April—with evidence suggesting its use might have started as far back as December 2023. The attack begins with a deceptive Captcha page, tricking victims into copying a malicious PowerShell script into the Windows Run dialog. This method, known as “ClickFix,” bypasses typical security filters and exploits user behavior rather than software vulnerabilities. 

Once executed, the script connects to a command-and-control server, downloading a series of payloads uniquely tailored to each victim. In an effort to avoid detection, the malware includes anti-sandbox measures. During the second stage of infection, the script checks the screen resolution of the host machine and halts if it matches known virtual machine environments used by analysts and cybersecurity researchers. If the device passes this check, the malware proceeds to the final stage—a Visual Basic Script that steals data, including specific file types, system details, and active processes. These are exfiltrated back to the attackers using an encoded system that applies a unique two-key substitution cipher for each infected machine. 

Lostkeys appears to be a more refined successor to a previous malware strain known as Spica, which Coldriver also deployed in 2024. While both strains focus on data exfiltration, Lostkeys features a more intricate delivery system and improved obfuscation techniques. Some earlier samples of Lostkeys mimicked legitimate software like Maltego and used executable files instead of PowerShell, though Google has not confirmed if these instances were part of the same campaign or the work of a different threat actor reusing Coldriver’s tactics. 

This development highlights an alarming evolution in state-backed cyber operations, where advanced social engineering and stealth techniques are being increasingly used to infiltrate high-profile targets. As geopolitical tensions persist, the risks posed by such targeted cyber espionage campaigns are expected to grow.
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PowerShell
Advanced persistent threat (APT) Advanced Social Engineering Cyber Attacks cyber espionage espionage Fake Website Phishing emails PowerShell

ClickFix Attacks: North Korea, Iran, Russia APT Groups Exploit Social Engineering for Espionage

ClickFix attacks are rapidly becoming a favored tactic among advanced persistent threat (APT) groups from North Korea, Iran, and Russia, particularly in recent cyber-espionage operations. This technique involves malicious websites posing as legitimate software or document-sharing platforms. Targets are enticed through phishing emails or malicious advertising and then confronted with fake error messages claiming a failed document download or access issue. 


To resolve the supposed problem, users are instructed to click a “Fix” button that directs them to run a PowerShell or command-line script. Executing this script allows malware to infiltrate their systems. Microsoft’s Threat Intelligence division highlighted earlier this year that the North Korean group ‘Kimsuky’ utilized a similar approach through a fake “device registration” page. 

A new report from Proofpoint now confirms that Kimsuky, along with Iran’s MuddyWater, Russia’s APT28, and the UNK_RemoteRogue group, deployed ClickFix techniques between late 2024 and early 2025. Kimsuky’s campaign, conducted between January and February 2025, specifically targeted think tanks involved in North Korean policy research. The attackers initially contacted victims using spoofed emails designed to appear as if they were sent by Japanese diplomats. After gaining trust, they provided malicious PDF attachments leading to a counterfeit secure drive. Victims were then asked to manually run a PowerShell command, which triggered the download of a second script that established persistence with scheduled tasks and installed QuasarRAT, all while distracting the victim with a harmless-looking PDF. 

In mid-November 2024, Iran’s MuddyWater launched its campaign, targeting 39 organizations across the Middle East. Victims received phishing emails disguised as urgent Microsoft security alerts, prompting them to run PowerShell scripts with administrative rights. This led to the deployment of ‘Level,’ a remote monitoring and management (RMM) tool used to conduct espionage activities. Meanwhile, Russian group UNK_RemoteRogue focused on two organizations tied to a leading arms manufacturer in December 2024. Attackers used compromised Zimbra servers to send fake Microsoft Office messages. Clicking the embedded links directed victims to fraudulent Microsoft Word pages featuring Russian-language instructions and a video tutorial. 

Victims executing the provided script unknowingly triggered JavaScript that ran PowerShell commands, connecting their systems to a server managed through the Empire C2 framework. Proofpoint also found that APT28, an infamous Russian cyber-espionage unit, used ClickFix tactics as early as October 2024. In that instance, phishing emails mimicked Google Spreadsheet notifications, including a fake reCAPTCHA and a prompt to execute PowerShell commands. Running these commands enabled attackers to create an SSH tunnel and activate Metasploit, providing them with covert access to compromised machines. 

The growing use of ClickFix attacks by multiple state-sponsored groups underscores the method’s effectiveness, primarily due to the widespread lack of caution when executing unfamiliar commands. To avoid falling victim, users should be extremely wary of running scripts or commands they do not recognize, particularly when asked to use elevated privileges.
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Ransomware Payload
China Cyber Crime cyber espionage Nailaolocker Ransomware Payload

European Healthcare Entities Targeted With NailaoLocker Ransomware

 

A previously undocumented ransomware payload named NailaoLocker has been detected in assaults targeting European healthcare entities between June and October 2024. 

The attackers employed CVE-2024-24919, a Check Point Security Gateway vulnerability, to obtain access to targeted networks and install the ShadowPad and PlugX malware families, which are closely associated with Chinese state-sponsored threat groups. Orange Cyberdefense CERT attributes the attacks to Chinese cyber-espionage tactics, while there is insufficient evidence to assign them to specific groups. 

According to Orange experts, NailaoLocker is a rather rudimentary ransomware strain when compared to the most renowned families in the area. Orange classifies NailaoLocker as a simple ransomware because it does not terminate security processes or operating services, lacks anti-debugging and sandbox evasion methods, and does not search network shares. 

The malware is installed on target systems using DLL sideloading (sensapi.dll), which involves a genuine and signed executable (usysdiag.exe). The malware loader (NailaoLoader) investigates the environment using memory address checks before decrypting and loading the main payload (usysdiag.exe.dat) into memory. 

The NailaoLocker then activates and begins encrypting files with an AES-256-CTR scheme, appending the ".locked" extension to the encrypted files. After the encryption is completed, the ransomware sends an HTML ransom note with the unusually long filename "unlock_please_view_this_file_unlock_please_view_this_file_unlock_please_view_this_file_unlock_please_view_this_file_unlock_please.html.”

Combining ransomware and espionage

After further investigation, Orange claims to have discovered some parallels between the ransom note's content and a ransomware tool sold by a cybercrime company known as Kodex Softwares (previously Evil Extractor). However, there were no obvious code overlaps, thus the relationship was fuzzy. 

Orange has proposed numerous hypotheses for the assaults, including false flag operations designed to distract, deliberate data theft operations combined with income creation, and, most likely, a Chinese cyberespionage organisation "moonlighting" to generate some money. 

Symantec only revealed last week that suspected Emperor Dragonfly (also known as Bronze Starlight) agents were using RA World ransomware to target Asian software companies and demanding a $2 million ransom. 

The shift in strategy is concerning since Chinese state-backed players have not adopted the strategy of North Korean actors, who are known to pursue several objectives concurrently, including financial advantages through ransomware operations.
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VPN breach
cyber espionage Data Breach IPany VPN malware infection PlushDaemon hackers SlowStepper malware Supply Chain Attack VPN breach

IPany VPN Compromised in Supply Chain Attack Deploying Custom Malware

 

South Korean VPN provider IPany fell victim to a supply chain attack orchestrated by the China-aligned hacking group "PlushDaemon." The attackers compromised IPany's VPN installer, embedding a custom malware named 'SlowStepper' into the installer file, affecting customers upon installation.

ESET researchers discovered that the attackers infiltrated IPany's development platform and modified the installer file ('IPanyVPNsetup.exe') to include the SlowStepper backdoor. Customers downloading the VPN's ZIP installer ('IPanyVPNsetup.zip') from the company's official website between November 2023 and May 2024 were impacted. Victims include a South Korean semiconductor firm and a software development company, with the first signs of infections reported in Japan.

When executed, the installer deploys the legitimate VPN alongside malicious files like 'svcghost.exe,' which ensures persistence by creating a Registry Run key. The SlowStepper payload is concealed within an image file ('winlogin.gif') and loaded through a malicious DLL ('lregdll.dll') into the 'PerfWatson.exe' process. The executable monitors this process to keep it operational.

ESET reports that the Lite version 0.2.10 of SlowStepper was used in this attack, designed for stealth with a smaller footprint while maintaining powerful spyware capabilities. The malware, developed in Python and Go, supports a range of espionage commands:

  • System Details Collection: Gathers system data like CPU information, HDD serials, public IP, webcam/microphone status, and more.
  • Payload Deployment: Fetches and executes files from a command-and-control server.
  • File Enumeration: Lists files and directories on compromised systems.
  • Spyware Execution: Runs Python-based tools for browser data theft, keylogging, and credential harvesting.
  • Interactive Control: Enables shell-mode for system commands.
  • Trace Removal: Deletes files or directories to erase evidence.
  • Spyware Modules: Loads specific Python modules to steal browser data, chat logs, and capture screens or webcam footage.
ESET explained, "Both the full and Lite versions make use of an array of tools programmed in Python and Go, which include capabilities for extensive collection of data, and spying through recording of audio and videos."

They promptly notified IPany, leading to the removal of the compromised installer from its website. However, previously infected users must clean their systems to eliminate the malware. 

Notably, the download page lacked geo-fencing, leaving users across the globe potentially vulnerable.The complete list of the indicators of compromise (IoCs) associated with this campaign can be found here
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