Weak or reused passwords continue to pose significant risks for organizations, as criminals increasingly exploit stolen credentials to access user accounts. This trend has fueled a thriving market for stolen credentials and the initial access they provide. The ENISA Threat Landscape 2023 report highlights a year-over-year growth in the Initial Access Broker (IAB) market, with credentials being the primary commodity for sale.

Stealer malware frequently infiltrates victim machines through social engineering tactics, primarily phishing, and sometimes through paid distribution schemes using the Emotet and Qakbot botnets. Other campaigns entice users to download seemingly legitimate software via malvertising.

ENISA anticipates that future social engineering campaigns will adapt to new defensive measures aimed at protecting credentials from abuse.

Increasing Challenges with Stolen Credentials

Organizations face growing challenges with stolen credentials. The Verizon 2024 Data Breach Investigation Report (DBIR) reveals a 180% increase in attacks exploiting vulnerabilities to initiate breaches compared to the previous year. Stolen credentials were the leading initial action in breaches, accounting for 24%, just ahead of ransomware at 23%.

Fraudsters employ various methods to steal credentials, including malware that steals passwords and sells them on the dark web. Popular tools for this purpose include Redline, Vidar, and Raccoon Stealer. The FBI has warned of cybercriminals using search engine advertisements to impersonate brands and direct users to malicious sites that host ransomware to steal login credentials.

Credentials can also be compromised through brute force attacks, where cybercriminals use tools to test password combinations until the correct one is found. These methods range from simple trial and error to more sophisticated dictionary attacks, exploiting common password choices.

Potential for Major Breaches

The Solarwinds attack, described by Microsoft Corp President Brad Smith as "the largest and most sophisticated attack the world has ever seen," exemplifies the potential danger of stolen credentials. A compromised SolarWinds password was discovered on a private Github repository, where an intern had set the password "solarwinds123" on an account with access to the company's update server.

Other notable examples include the Dropbox breach, which impacted millions of users. A Dropbox employee reused a password from a LinkedIn breach, where millions of passwords were accessed by thieves.

ENISA notes that while abusing valid accounts for initial access is not a new technique, it remains effective for cybercriminals. Misconfigured accounts and those with weak passwords are particularly vulnerable. Although multi-factor authentication (MFA) can prevent many attacks, it is not foolproof, with actors intercepting MFA codes and harassing users with push notifications.

ENISA expects credentials to remain a focal point for cybercrime actors despite technical protective measures, as these actors continually find ways around them.

Cybersecurity experts recognize the danger of stolen credentials and the necessity of strong security measures. However, complacency is not an option. The threat posed by stolen credentials is constantly evolving, necessitating ongoing adaptation.

Organizations must enforce the creation of strong passwords resistant to brute force attacks and other forms of exploitation. Specops Password Policy can help build robust password policies by:

Increasing overall password security, enforcing good password hygiene, and eliminating weak passwords enhance the security of Active Directory environments and privileged accounts. Organizations must prepare their defenses by scanning for password vulnerabilities in Active Directory to detect weak and compromised passwords.